e-Cow

How does e-Cow work?

e-Cow: an animal model that predicts herbage intake, milk yield and live weight change
dairy cows grazing temperate pastures, with and without supplementary feeding

This animal simulation model, named e-Cow, represents a single dairy cow at grazing. The model integrates algorithms from three previously published models: a model that predicts herbage dry matter (DM) intake by grazing dairy cows, a mammary gland model that predicts potential milk yield, and a body lipid model that predicts genetically driven live weight (LW) and body condition score (BCS).

Both nutritional and genetic drives are accounted for in the prediction of energy intake and its partitioning. The main inputs are herbage allowance (HA; kg DM offered/cow per day), metabolisable energy and NDF concentrations in herbage and supplements, supplements offered (kg DM/cow/day), type of pasture (ryegrass or lucerne), days in milk, days pregnant, lactation number, BCS and LW at calving, breed or strain of cow and genetic merit, that is, potential yields of milk, fat and protein. Separate equations are used to predict herbage intake, depending on the cutting heights at which HA is expressed. The e-Cow model is written in Visual Basic programming language within Microsoft Excel®. The model predicts whole-lactation performance of dairy cows on a daily basis, and the main outputs are dailythe daily and annual DM intake, milk yield and changes in BCS and LW.

In the e-Cow model, neither herbage DM intake nor milk yield or LW change are needed as inputs; instead, they are predicted by the e-Cow model. The e-Cow model was validated against experimental data, for Holstein-Friesian cows with both North American (NA) and New Zealand (NZ) genetics grazing ryegrass-based pastures, with or without supplementary feeding, for three complete lactations, divided into weekly periods. The e-Cow model was able to predict animal performance with satisfactory accuracy, with concordance correlation coefficients of 0.81, 0.76 and 0.62 for herbage DM intake, milk yield and LW change, respectively. Simulations performed with the model showed that it is sensitive to genotype by feeding environment interactions. The e-Cow model tended to overestimate the milk yield of NA genotype cows at low milk yields, while it underestimated the milk yield of NZ genotype cows at high milk yields. The approach used to define the potential milk yield of the cow and equations used to predict herbage DM intake make the model applicable for predictions in countries with temperate pastures.

The e-Cow model was developed by Javier Baudracco, Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos, Colin Holmes, Eduardo Comeron, Kevin Macdonald, Tom Barry and Nicolas Friggens. The online version was developed by Marcelo Zamateo.

Keywords: e-Cow, model, cow, milk, dairy, predict, simluate, intake, BCS, supplement, genetic, nutrition, ryegrass, alfalfa, lucerne.